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1	Development of historical exposure estimates of cosmic radiation and circadian rhythm disruption for cohort studies of Pan Am flight attendants
Authors	Waters-MA; Grajewski-B; Pinkerton-LE; Hein-MJ; Zivkovich-Z
Source	Am J Ind Med 2009 Oct; 52(12):751-761
Link	http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20738
NIOSHTIC No.	20035890
Abstract	Background: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is conducting cohort studies of flight crew employed by the former Pan American World Airways company (Pan Am) as part of an effort to examine flight crew workplace exposures and health effects. Flight crew are exposed to elevated levels of cosmic radiation and to disruption of circadian rhythm when flying across multiple time zones. Methods exist to calculate cosmic radiation effective doses on individual flights; however, only work histories which provided an employee’s domicile (home base) history rather than a record of every flight flown were available. Methods/Results: We developed a method for estimating individual cumulative domicilebased cosmic radiation effective doses and two metrics for circadian rhythm disruption for each flight attendant: cumulative times zones crossed and cumulative travel time during the standard sleep interval. Conclusions: The domicile-exposure matrix developed was used to calculate exposure estimates for a cohort mortality study of former Pan Amflight attendants.
Keywords	Aircrews; Circadian-rhythms; Exposure-assessment; Exposure-methods; Flight-personnel; Health-hazards; Health-surveys; Occupational-health; Occupational-safety-programs; Qualitative-analysis; Radiation-effects; Radiation-exposure; Shift-workers; Sleep-deprivation; Time-weighted-average-exposure; Work-analysis; Work-environment; Worker-health; Workplace-studies; Work-practices; Author Keywords: cosmic radiation; flight attendants; exposure assessment; aircraft; flight crew; retrospective

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